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Troca de gasolina por etanol pode não ser vantajosa para o consumidor
Economia

Troca de gasolina por etanol pode não ser vantajosa para o consumidor

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Entre janeiro e fevereiro deste ano, as vendas do etanol hidratado subiram 26,20%. Os dados são da Associação Brasileira da Indústria da Cana de Açúcar (Unica). Na avaliação do diretor técnico da Unica, Antonio de Padua Rodrigues, isso “É um indicativo da recuperação do consumo do biocombustível”.

Com o recente reajuste no preço da gasolina de 18,57%, o etanol pode ser uma alternativa para o abastecimento. A troca, no entanto, pode não ser vantajosa. É o que afirma o professor de Engenharia de Transporte do Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (Coppe/UFRJ), Márcio D’Agosto.

D’Agosto explica que a quantidade de energia existente em um litro de etanol é diferente da quantidade em um litro de gasolina. “Aí, tem a famosa relação dos 70%. Significa que um litro de etanol equivale a cerca de 70% do litro da gasolina em termos de conteúdo energético”. Portanto, o preço do etanol tem que ser menor ou igual a 70% do preço da gasolina. Caso contrário, o custo-benefício entre os combustíveis não será atrativo para os consumidores, explicou.

Para calcular, basta dividir o preço do álcool pelo valor da gasolina. Caso o resultado seja inferior a 0,7, o etanol será uma alternativa economicamente viável. Por exemplo: caso a gasolina esteja avaliada em R$ 7,40 e o etanol em R$ 5,20, o resultado é de 0,702. Neste cenário (5.2 dividido por 7.4), o etanol é vantajoso.

Preços

O levantamento de preços efetuado pela Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP) apurou, na semana compreendida entre os dias 13 e 19 deste mês, preços máximos de R$ 8,399 para o litro da gasolina comum e de R$ 7,989 para o litro do etanol hidratado nos postos. “Não vale a pena”, disse o professor da Coppe. “Não dá 70%”.

Márcio D’Agosto afirmou que não tem vantagem alguma para o motorista comprar etanol. “Porque ele vai rodar menos quilômetros com um litro de etanol, vai ter que abastecer com mais frequência e vai acabar gastando mais. O tanque dele vai acabar mais rápido”. Esse preço do etanol é totalmente não competitivo com a gasolina, afirmou.

Na semana analisada pela ANP, foram encontrados preços máximos para o litro da gasolina por estados. No Rio de Janeiro, o valor atingiu até R$ 8.399; no Maranhão, R$ 8.390; em São Paulo, R$ 8.299; no Piauí, de R$ 8.297.

O preço mínimo, que chegou a R$ 5.899, foi registrado em São Paulo.

Em relação ao litro de etanol hidratado, os preços máximos de R$ 7,989 e de R$ 7,899 foram achados no Rio de Janeiro e no Rio Grande do Sul, respectivamente. Já o preço mínimo por litro do produto ocorreu no Mato Grosso e em São Paulo, de R$ 3,979 em ambas as unidades da Federação.

Amenizando gastos

O jornalista Romildo Guerrante usa gasolina no seu automóvel. Mas, diante do elevado preço do combustível, a saída que encontrou para amenizar os gastos no atual cenário foi viajar menos. “Eu costumava sair e dar uma volta até Petrópolis ou Nova Friburgo. Não vou. Não estou indo mais”. Guerrante disse que não usa etanol porque não vale a pena. “Não há vantagem”, argumentou.

O microempresário Rômulo Cipriani Costa também prefere a gasolina ao etanol em seus carros. Para diminuir os gastos, ele deixou de fazer algumas ações cotidianas, como levar os filhos para a escola de automóvel. “Estamos indo de bicicleta”. Ele também cortou praticamente todos os passeios. “Só [ficaram] os que dão para ir de bike”, relatou.

José Paulo Zymmerman é gerente de banco e tem automóvel movido a gasolina, mas só usa nos fins de semana. Nos dias úteis, anda de metrô. Para reduzir os gastos com combustíveis, procura “fazer uma direção mais calma, sem acelerar fundo, pois quando aceleramos muito, o gasto é maior. Mas se o percurso que tenho que fazer tiver metrô perto, eu sempre dou preferência ao metrô”.

O aposentado Gilson Munhoz Ribeiro também só usa gasolina. “O etanol aqui no Rio de Janeiro não compensa, mesmo em tempos normais”. Confessou que não está fazendo nada diferente para compensar o aumento da gasolina, a não ser evitar passeios desnecessários. “Mas o resto não mudou”, destacou.

etanolxgasolina

GNV

O professor da UFRJ, argumentou que o gás natural veicular (GNV) é bem equivalente à gasolina. Se o preço do metro cúbico do GNV estiver mais barato que o preço da gasolina, é melhor usar o GNV, sugeriu. Só que para usar GNV, o motorista tem que fazer uma adaptação no carro, porque não se compra de fábrica um veículo adaptado para gás. “Ele tem um investimento a ser feito para colocar o kit GNV. Aí, a questão é em quanto tempo ele vai pagar o investimento que fez em função do preço do GNV, porque existem vários kit GNV com preços diferentes, além de diversos tipos e tamanhos de cilindro, que é o insumo mais caro do kit, para avaliar quanto tempo de retorno ele vai ter para usar GNV”.

Para D’Agosto, uma coisa é certa. Só vale a pena instalar um kit GNV quem roda quilometragem diária alta. “Estou falando de gente que roda 250 quilômetros a 300 quilômetros/dia, como os taxistas rodam mais ou menos hoje”. Ao fazer a adaptação, ele tem que optar entre GNV e gasolina ou GNV e etanol. O professor indicou ser vantajoso para quem roda muito por dia ter um kit GNV porque o GNV tem mantido um preço por metro cúbico menor que o da gasolina e do etanol e ele consegue pagar pelo retorno sobre o investimento feito em pouco tempo.

Advertiu, ainda, que isso depende da manutenção do preço do GNV. Se houver reajustes, em função da situação global, da guerra entre Rússia e Ucrânia, poderá haver aumento só GNV significativo. “Esse aumento vai impactar não apenas o preço do GNV automotivo, como também do gás natural residencial. Aí, acabou com a vantagem porque, se esse preço sobe, eu não consigo pagar o kit que instalei”.

ANP

Procurada pela Agência Brasil, a Agência Nacional do Petróleo (ANP) informou que os preços dos combustíveis são livres no Brasil, por lei, desde 2002. São fixados pelo mercado. Não há preços máximos, mínimos, tabelamento, nem necessidade de autorização da ANP, nem de nenhum órgão público para que os preços sejam reajustados ao consumidor.

O levantamento de preços da ANP pode ser acessado em https://preco.anp.gov.br/. O levantamento é semanal e os dados são atualizados às sextas-feiras.

Por Alana Gandra – Repórter da Agência Brasil – Foto: Arquivo/Marcelo Camargo/AB

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