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O aldeamento de Barueri foi o maior de São Paulo por causa do grande contingente populacional na região. A presença de inúmeras tribos indígenas, que abasteceriam os colonos com mão de obra abundante, foi central para a formação posterior do povoado no início da colonização.
As fazendas Tamboré e Mutinga foram oriundas de terras aforadas do aldeamento de Barueri. Aforamentos foram as concessões em que o senhorio (proprietário da terra) é o titular do domínio direto e o foreiro da utilização. Na época, a região integrava a capitania de São Vicente. O aldeamento de Barueri foi fundado entre os séculos XVI e XVII, mesma época dos de Pinheiros, São Miguel, Guarulhos, Escada, Itaquaquecetuba, Embu, Carapicuíba e Itapecerica.
O surgimento “institucional” do aldeamento de Barueri, no entanto, é controverso. Acredita-se que surgiu a partir da doação de uma sesmaria feita ao governador Jerônymo Leitão, em 1557, que criou a Fazenda Baruery. As sesmarias eram terrenos pertencentes a Portugal e entregues para ocupação e cultivo das terras.
Leitão, por sua vez, teria doado a fazenda Baruery aos jesuítas, que ali instalaram índios de Pinheiros e São Miguel. Uma carta do padre José de Anchieta a Manoel da Nóbrega (líder da primeira missão dos jesuítas na América), em 1560, tratava da instalação de índios em terras que provavelmente seriam as da Fazenda Baruery.
Porém, alguns registros apontam que o jesuíta João de Almeida teria sido o fundador do aldeamento, em 1610, e outros que Pero Lopes de Sousa (irmão de Martim Afonso de Souza, o fundador de São Vicente) recebeu uma carta de sesmaria do território que compreendia os aldeamentos de Pinheiros, São Miguel, Carapicuíba e Barueri que, em 1580, doou essas terras aos índios. Desde então, o aldeamento foi administrado pelos jesuítas que durante décadas praticaram a agricultura na região.
O jesuíta, poeta, escritor e historiador português Serafim Soares Leite, que escreveu uma extensa obra seminal sobre a Companhia de Jesus no Brasil, apontou que a fundação da Aldeia de Nossa Senhora da Escada de Barueri, ou Marueri, aconteceu na primeira década do séc. XVII. Na época, os padres Afonso Gago e João de Almeida instalaram ali cerca de 1.500 índios carijós.
Há, no entanto, outras interpretações da história que apontam pequenas variantes na narrativa sobre o processo de fundação de Barueri. Mas é consenso que, instalado às margens do Tietê, o aldeamento de Barueri incentivou a ocupação de terras ao longo do rio e a expansão da colonização em direção ao interior do país.
Por causa de sua extensão, localização geográfica e a quantidade de tribos indígenas, o aldeamento de Barueri era cobiçado pelos colonos e fazendeiros, gerando conflitos constantes entre particulares, eclesiásticos e a Coroa portuguesa.
Como erguia-se um aldeamento naqueles tempos? Primeiro construía-se a capela, depois as habitações dos catecúmenos (aqueles que se preparavam para receber o batismo) e, a partir de então, os jesuítas administravam o local. No caso de Barueri, anos depois de os jesuítas da Companhia de Jesus cuidarem da região. Mas por disputas políticas, desde 1759 o Marquês de Pombal, secretário de Estado do rei Dom José I, iniciou a expulsão dos jesuítas do país e com a extinção da Ordem pelo Papa Clemente XIV, em 1773, a administração do aldeamento passou para os carmelitas.
Na primeira década do séc. XVII, o aldeamento de Barueri já era o principal bairro do distrito de Parnaíba, que em 1625 seria elevado à condição de vila. Mas, apesar de mais próximo de Parnaíba, o aldeamento seguiu sob jurisdição administrativa da vila de São Paulo, o que gerava disputas entre uma vila e outra pela posse de Barueri.
A indefinição jurídica do aldeamento a respeito de sua localização motivava os conflitos, assim como a grande quantidade de indígenas na região – mão de obra barata e abundante para os cultivos – e a cultura de produção de trigo na capitania. Aliás, eram os fazendeiros produtores de trigo, os triticultores, das áreas de Quitaúna, Carapicuíba e Cotia os interessados na mão de obra indígena.
Os próprios jesuítas eram grandes proprietários de terra e produtores de trigo. Como detinham a administração do aldeamento, controlavam a mão de obra dos índios. Inconformados, os colonos chegaram a pedir a remoção dos jesuítas da região alegando que esses haviam desvirtuado a função dos aldeamentos (fornecer mão de obra aos colonos) ao tornarem-se os próprios religiosos produtores. Neste cenário, os fazendeiros não conseguiam competir com os jesuítas na produção de trigo.
As disputas entre jesuítas e colonas, tanto em relação à posse do aldeamento quanto ao acesso à mão de obra indígena, foram marcados pela violência. Em 1633, por exemplo, o bandeirante Antonio Raposo Tavares invadiu Barueri, destruiu o que encontrou pela frente e expulsou os padres e levou os índios.
Foi no século XVIII que a política adotada para as terras valorizou a posse efetiva da terra como principal determinante para a aquisição da posse legalizada. O resultado disso foi o avanço do colonizador sobre as terras indígenas, que resultou na decadência dos aldeamentos, que não tinham mais o mesmo contingente populacional uma vez que muitos índios seriam transferidos para as regiões de minas e na diminuição da incorporação de índios vindo dos sertões para os aldeamentos.
Fonte/texto/imagem: SECOM-Barueri
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